Cuidados de enfermagem omissos na perceção da equipa: Uma análise das razões / The nursing team's perspective on missed nursing care: An analysis of the reasons / Cuidados de enfermería omitidos en la percepción del personal: Un análisis de las razones

Resumo Enquadramento: Diante de múltiplas solicitações e recursos insuficientes, os profissionais de enfermagem podem não executar alguns cuidados requeridos. Objetivos: Identificar os cuidados de enfermagem omissos, as razões atribuídas pelos profissionais de enfermagem e verificar se as razões diferem entre as categorias profissionais. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, transversal, utilizando o instrumento MISSCARE-Brasil numa amostra por conveniência de 115 participantes, distribuídos entre 48 enfermeiros e 67 técnicos em enfermagem. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram média de idade de 34,9 anos, predominando o sexo feminino, 88,6%. Os cuidados de enfermagem mais omitidos foram a deambulação três vezes por dia ou conforme prescrito, 58,3%; a participação em discussão da equipa interdisciplinar sobre a assistência ao paciente, 55,6%; e a oferta das refeições para os pacientes que se alimentam sozinhos, 53,1%. As principais razões para omissão foram relacionadas os domínios "Recursos Materiais" e "Laborais". Conclusão: Os recursos materiais e laborais influenciam na frequência de cuidados de enfermagem omissos, apesar das justificações diferenciadas para omissão do cuidado entre enfermeiros e técnicos em enfermagem.

Abstract Background: Faced with multiple requests and insufficient resources, the nursing professionals may not perform some required care. Objectives: Identify the missing nursing care, the reasons attributed by nursing professionals and check whether the reasons differ between professional categories. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study using the MISSCARE-Brazil instrument in a convenience sample of 115 participants, distributed between 48 nurses and 67 nursing technicians. Results: Participants had a mean age of 34.9 years, predominantly female, 88.6%. The most omitted nursing care were walking three times a day or as prescribed, 58.3%; the participation in the discussion of the interdisciplinary team about patient care, 55.6% and the offer of meals to patients who eat alone, 53.1%. The main reasons for the omission were related to the "Material Resources" and "Laboratory" domains. Conclusion: material and labor resources influence the frequency of missing nursing care, despite different justifications for omission of care among nurses and nursing technicians.

Resumen Marco contextual: Ante la multitud de solicitudes y la insuficiencia de recursos, los profesionales de enfermería pueden no realizar algunos de los cuidados necesarios. Objetivos: Identificar los cuidados de enfermería omitidos, las razones atribuidas por los profesionales de enfermería y verificar si las razones difieren entre las categorías profesionales. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, utilizando el instrumento MISSCARE-Brasil en una muestra de conveniencia de 115 participantes, distribuidos entre 48 enfermeros y 67 técnicos de enfermería. Resultados: Los participantes tenían una edad media de 34,9 años, con predominio del sexo femenino, el 88,6%. Los cuidados de enfermería más omitidos fueron los paseos tres veces al día o según lo prescrito, el 58,3%; la participación en las discusiones con el equipo interdisciplinario sobre los cuidados del paciente, el 55,6%; y la provisión de comidas para los pacientes que se alimentan solos, el 53,1%. Los principales motivos para omitirlos estaban relacionados con los ámbitos "Recursos materiales" y "Mano de obra". Conclusión: Los recursos materiales y laborales influyen en la frecuencia de los cuidados de enfermería omitidos, a pesar de las diferentes justificaciones para omitirlos entre los enfermeros y los técnicos de enfermería.

Acidentes de trabalho em uma maternidade pública de referência / Accidents at work in a public maternity of reference

Objetivo: Analisar os acidentes de trabalho ocorridos em uma maternidade pública de referência para o nordeste brasileiro. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com dados de registros de 102 profissionais acidentados em uma maternidade pública de referência. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva e aplicou-se o teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: O estudo apontou maior prevalência anual de acidentes de trabalho no ano de 2017 (2,44%), com predominância do sexo feminino (75,5%) e trabalhadores com 1 a 5 anos de tempo de serviço (32%). A categoria profissional mais acometida foi a de Técnico (a) de Enfermagem (38,6%); sendo mãos/dedos como as partes do corpo mais afetadas (53,6%) e os perfuro cortantes como os agentes causadores mais mencionados (48,5%). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a necessidade de maior investimento nas ações de educação permanente em relação à notificação e às medidas preventivas com vistas à diminuição da ocorrência dos agravos relacionados ao trabalho. (AU)

Objective: Work accidents occurred in a public reference maternity hospital were analyzed. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with data from 102 injured professionals in a public reference maternity hospital. Descriptive statistical analysis and Fisher's exact test were performed. Results: The study pointed out the highest annual prevalence of occupational accidents in 2017 (2.44%), with a predominance of females (75.5%) and workers with 1 to 5 years of service (32%). The most affected professional was the Nursing Technician (38.6%); hands / fingers were found to be the most affected body parts (53.6%) and sharp perforations as the most commonly found causative agents (48.5%). Conclusion: There was a need for greater investment in continuing education actions in relation to notification and preventive measures with a view to reducing the occurrence of work-related injuries. (AU)

Objetivo: Se analizaron los accidentes de trabajo ocurridos en una maternidad pública de referencia. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con datos de 102 profesionales lesionados en una maternidad pública de referencia. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: El estudio señaló la mayor prevalencia anual de accidentes laborales en 2017 (2,44%), con predominio de mujeres (75,5%) y trabajadores con 1 a 5 años de servicio (32%). El profesional más afectado fue el Técnico de Enfermería (38,6%); Se encontró que las manos / dedos eran las partes del cuerpo más afectadas (53.6%) y las perforaciones agudas como los agentes causales más comúnmente encontrados (48.5%). Conclusión: Era necesaria una mayor inversión en acciones de educación continua en relación con la notificación y las medidas preventivas con el fin de reducir la aparición de lesiones relacionadas con el trabajo. (AU)

Effects of 2-Hydroxypropil-Β-Cyclodextrin-Lidocaine on Tumor Growth and Inflammatory Response.

BACKGROUND: Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of lidocaine have been reported in tumor cells. However, the use of these drugs is restricted due to their short action with rapid dispersion from the injected site. The complexation of local anesthetics in 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) is able to improve pharmacological features. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the antitumor effects of lidocaine and the complex HP-ß-CD-lidocaine (HP-ß-CD-lido). METHODS: In vitro;, human adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) were exposed to lidocaine formulations and cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis induction were measured. In vivo;, Walker 256 carcinoma cells were subcutaneously injected into the plantar region of the rat right hind paw. The animals were treated with a local application of 5% lidocaine or 5% HP-ß-CD-lido. Doxorubicin (3 mg/Kg/day, intraperitoneal) was used as a positive control. Edema sizes were measured daily and the release of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α and CXCL-1) and prostaglandin E2 was evaluated. Histological analysis was also performed. RESULTS: HaCaT IG50 values were 846 µM and 2253 µM for lido and HP-ß-CD-lido, respectively. In HeLa cells, the IG50 was 1765 µM for lido and 2044 µM for HP-ß-CD-lido. Lidocaine formulations significantly reduced the paw edema on day 6 after Walker 256 cells inoculation. However, there were no differences in the release of inflammatory mediators in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION: Lidocaine formulations were able to reduce the edema in vivo;, without affecting the tumor- induced inflammatory response. The antiproliferative effects of lidocaine formulations may have contributed to tumor reduction.

Afastamento do trabalho por transtornos mentais e comportamentais entre profissionais de enfermagem / Temporary absences from work due to mental illness and behavioural disorders in nurse professionals / Retiro laboral temporal por trastornos mentales y de comportamiento entre profesionales de enfermería

Resumo Introdução O setor saúde apresenta alto índice de adoecimento dos trabalhadores decorrente da exposição frequente a cargas biológicas, físicas e psíquicas. Dentre esses trabalhadores a enfermagem representa o maior contingente da força de trabalho, estando mais exposta e vulnerável ao desenvolvimento de agravos à saúde, em especial os transtornos mentais e comportamentais. Objetivo Descrever as causas dos afastamentos do trabalho por transtornos mentais e comportamentais entre profissionais de enfermagem. Materiais e Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, realizado por meio de informações armazenadas no banco de dados do Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional e Segurança do Trabalho de um Hospital Universitário, localizado em Teresina, Piauí. Resultados Os episódios depressivos foram responsáveis pela maior parte dos afastamentos 29(24,1%), sendo o sexo feminino o mais predominante 100(90,5%), com destaque para a faixa etária entre 31 a 40 anos 64(57,7%). Quanto à categoria profissional, destacou-se a dos técnicos de enfermagem 79(68,1%). O setor de internação foi responsável pelo maior número de afastamentos por transtornos mentais e comportamentais 36(31,3%). Discussão Os fatores desencadeantes de depressão nesses trabalhadores podem estar relacionados à submissão frequente a excessivas cargas de trabalho, a plantões desgastantes e altas cargas psicológicas. Conclusões Estratégias de promoção da saúde, reorganização das condições de trabalho e adequada atenção à saúde mental desses trabalhadores constituem-se em importantes medidas para a redução dos afastamentos do trabalho.

Abstract Introduction A high number of diseases is reported by healthcare professionals as a result of frequent exposure to biological, physical and mental loads. Among healthcare workers, nurse professionals are the workforce group that gets most affected as they are highly exposed and vulnerable to the development of health conditions, especially mental illnesses and behavioural disorders. Objective This study aims to describe the reasons for temporary absence from work due to mental illness and behavioural disorders in nurse professionals. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted using data from an Occupational Safety & Health Service database in a University Hospital in Teresina, Piauí. Results Depressive episodes were responsible for most of the temporary absences from work (29 cases representing 24.1%), most predominant in women (100 cases representing 90.5%), especially within the 31-40 age group (64 cases representing 57.7%). In terms of the professional categories, the nursing assistant category was noteworthy (79 cases representing 68.1%). The hospital care department was responsible for the largest number of temporary absences from work due to mental illnesses and behavioural disorders (36 cases representing 31.3%). Discussion Factors triggering depression in workers might be related to excessive work overload, exhaustive shifts and high psychological load. Conclusions Strategies for healthcare promotion, a better structure for work conditions and appropriate attention to the mental health of these workers are important measures that can help reduce the number of absences from work.

Resumen Introducción El sector salud presenta un alto índice de dolencias entre los trabajadores producto de la exposición frecuente a cargas biológicas, físicas y psíquicas. Entre estos trabajadores, la enfermería representa el mayor contingente de la fuerza laboral afectada, ya que ésta está más expuesta y vulnerable al desarrollo de afecciones para la salud, particularmente, trastornos mentales y de comportamiento. Objetivo Describir las causas de los retiros laborales temporales por trastornos mentales y de comportamiento entre los profesionales de la enfermería. Materiales y Métodos Se trata de un estudio transversal y descriptivo, realizado a través de informaciones almacenadas en la base de datos del Servicio de Salud Ocupacional y Seguridad Laboral de un Hospital Universitario, ubicado en Teresina, Piauí. Resultados Los episodios depresivos fueron responsables de la mayor parte de los retiros temporales, 29 (24,1%), siendo el sexo femenino el más predominante, 100 (90,5%), con énfasis en el rango de edad de 31 a 40 años, 64 (57,7%). En cuanto a la categoría profesional, vale la pena destacar la de los técnicos de enfermería, 79 (68,1%). El sector de hospitalización fue responsable del mayor número de retiros temporales por trastornos mentales y de comportamiento, 36 (31,3%). Discusión Los factores desencadenantes de la depresión en estos trabajadores pueden estar relacionados al manejo frecuente de cargas excesivas de trabajo, guardias desgastantes y altas cargas psicológicas. Conclusiones Estrategias de promoción de la salud, reorganización de las condiciones laborales y adecuada atención a la salud mental de estos trabajadores se convierten en medidas importantes para reducir el número de retiros laborales.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Cis/Trans-N-Phenyl-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-3,1-Benzoxazin-2-Imines.

The growing interest in the chemistry of unsaturated ring-fused 1,3-heterocycles, in this particular case 1,3-oxazines, arise in part from their versatile pharmacological applications. In the present article, the evaluation of the in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity of two cyclohexene-fused oxazines is discussed. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by trapping the ABTS and hydroxyl radicals as well as the inhibition of the enzyme acetyl-cholinesterase and hemolysis of erythrocytes by 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The results suggest that both unsaturated 1,3-oxazines are auspicious sources of biologically active compounds with good antioxidant properties. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between these heterocycles with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, as well as the measurements of redox potential, provided evidence for a mechanism of antioxidant activity that takes place through electron transfer (ET) processes.

Padrões de cuidados em prevenção e tratamento de extravasamento de antineoplásicos baseado em evidências clínicas / Patterns of care in prevention and treatment of clinical evidence-based antineoplastic extravasation

Objetivo: descrever padrões de cuidados em prevenção e tratamento de extravasamento de antineoplásicos baseado em evidências clínicas. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados Medline/PuBMed, CINAHL, LILACS e Science Direct. Resultados: foram localizados 30 estudos em inglês e espanhol, entre 2005 a 2015. Os temas predominantes quanto ao extravasamento são fatores de risco, medidas de prevenção e tratamento, como o uso de compressas e antídotos, estes foram organizados em quadros e classificados quanto ao nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Conclusão: a prevenção é a principal estratégia. Ressalta-se a importância de implementação de protocolo assistencial

Objective: to describe patterns of care in the prevention and treatment of clinical evidence based antineoplastic extravasation. Methods: integrative literature review carried out in Medline/PuBMed, CINAHL, LILACS and Science Direct databases. Results: 30 studies were conducted in english and spanish between 2005 and 2015. The predominant themes regarding extravasation are risk factors, prevention and treatment measures, such as the use of compresses and antidotes, these were organized in tables and classified as level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Conclusion: prevention is the main strategy. It is important to emphasize the importance of implementing a care protocol

In vitro antioxidant properties of the biflavonoid agathisflavone.

PURPOSE: Free radicals are considered as the causative agents of a variety of acute and chronic pathologies. Natural antioxidants have drawn attention of the researchers in recent years for their ability to scavenge free radicals with minimal or even no side effects. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of agathisflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid by a number of in vitro methods. METHODS: Agathisflavone was subjected to DPPH, ABTS, OH and NO radical scavenging assay, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) test using trolox as a standard. RESULTS: Agathisflavone showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against all types of free radicals used in this study. The antioxidant capacity, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed by agathisflavone were comparable to that of trolox. CONCLUSION: Agathisflavone exhibited antioxidant capacity, which suggests considering this biflavonoid for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases precipitated by oxidative stress.

Qualidade de vida de pacientes com úlceras vasculogênicas em tratamento ambulatorial / Quality of life of patients with vasculogenic ulcers in outpatient treatment

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes acometidos por úlceras vasculogênicas em tratamento ambulatorial. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, descritivo-comparativo, do tipo antes e depois, realizado em ambulatório especializado no tratamento de feridas complexas, com pacientes acometidos por úlceras vasculogênicas, totalizando 10 pacientes e 26 feridas. Resultados: o escore global de qualidade de vida aumentou 6,8 unidades na mediana. Na avaliação global, tecido epitelizado, presença de odor fétido, realização de desbridamento cirúrgico e uso de hidrogel foram influenciadores do aumento dos escores. Conclusão: observou-se aumento significativo dos escores de qualidade de vida em todos os domínios e no escore global. Os aspectos tipo de tecido e odor influenciaram significativamente o aumento dos escores de todos os domínios e do escore global.(AU)

Pressure ulcer dressings in critical patients: a cost analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the direct cost of dressings in pressure ulcer treatment. METHOD: This was a descriptive observational study conducted at an intensive care unit in the Northeast region of Brazil, between November and December 2015. Data were gathered using the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing and a form to characterize and assess costs. Values in Brazilian reais (BRL) were converted into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate of USD 0.26/BRL. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 15 patients with at least stage 2 ulcers. There was a significant reduction in costs with dressing materials between the initial and final assessments (p=0.002), with a mean of USD 11.9 (±7.4). The most common topical treatments used were essential fatty acids and papain. CONCLUSION: Cost reduction was proportional to the stage of pressure ulcer. The role of nurses in creating evidence-based care plans is crucial to improve care management. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o custo direto com curativos no tratamento de lesões por pressão. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional descritivo, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do nordeste do Brasil, de novembro a dezembro de 2015. Foi aplicada a Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing e formulário para caracterização e avaliação de custos. Os valores da moeda brasileira (R$) foram convertidos para a moeda norte-americana (US$) à taxa de US$0,26/R$. Foram realizadas análises univariadas e bivariadas. RESULTADOS: Compuseram a amostra 15 pacientes com lesões, no mínimo, estágio 2. Houve redução significativa dos custos com materiais de curativos entre as avaliações inicial e final (p=0,002), com média de US$11,9 (±7,4). As terapias tópicas mais frequentes foram ácidos graxos essenciais e papaína. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se redução de custos proporcional aos estágios das lesões. Enfatiza-se o papel do enfermeiro na elaboração de planos de cuidados baseados em evidências para melhor gerenciamento do cuidado. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el costo directo de curativos para el tratamiento de lesiones por presión. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional descriptivo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del noreste de Brasil, de noviembre a diciembre del año 2015. Se aplicó la Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing y formulario para la caracterización y evaluación de los costos. Los valores de la moneda brasileña (Reales- R$) se convirtieron al dólar estadounidense (US$) a razón de $0.26/R$. Se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados. RESULTADOS: La muestra consistió en 15 pacientes con lesiones al menos en Etapa 2. Hubo una reducción significativa en el costo de los materiales de curación entre las evaluaciones inicial y final (p=0,002), con un promedio de US$11.9 (±7.4). Los tratamientos tópicos más comunes son los ácidos grasos esenciales y papaína. CONCLUSIÓN: Se verificó una reducción de los costos proporcional a las etapas de las lesiones. Se hace hincapié en el papel de los enfermeros en el desarrollo de planes de cuidados basados en la evidencia, para una mejor gestión de la atención.

Pressure ulcer dressings in critical patients: a cost analysis / Curativos de lesões por pressão em pacientes críticos: análise de custos / Los curativos de lesiones por presión en pacientes en estado crítico: análisis de costos

Abstract OBJECTIVE To assess the direct cost of dressings in pressure ulcer treatment. METHOD This was a descriptive observational study conducted at an intensive care unit in the Northeast region of Brazil, between November and December 2015. Data were gathered using the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing and a form to characterize and assess costs. Values in Brazilian reais (BRL) were converted into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate of USD 0.26/BRL. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted. RESULTS The sample consisted of 15 patients with at least stage 2 ulcers. There was a significant reduction in costs with dressing materials between the initial and final assessments (p=0.002), with a mean of USD 11.9 (±7.4). The most common topical treatments used were essential fatty acids and papain. CONCLUSION Cost reduction was proportional to the stage of pressure ulcer. The role of nurses in creating evidence-based care plans is crucial to improve care management.

Resumo OBJETIVO Avaliar o custo direto com curativos no tratamento de lesões por pressão. MÉTODO Estudo observacional descritivo, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do nordeste do Brasil, de novembro a dezembro de 2015. Foi aplicada a Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing e formulário para caracterização e avaliação de custos. Os valores da moeda brasileira (R$) foram convertidos para a moeda norte-americana (US$) à taxa de US$0,26/R$. Foram realizadas análises univariadas e bivariadas. RESULTADOS Compuseram a amostra 15 pacientes com lesões, no mínimo, estágio 2. Houve redução significativa dos custos com materiais de curativos entre as avaliações inicial e final (p=0,002), com média de US$11,9 (±7,4). As terapias tópicas mais frequentes foram ácidos graxos essenciais e papaína. CONCLUSÃO Verificou-se redução de custos proporcional aos estágios das lesões. Enfatiza-se o papel do enfermeiro na elaboração de planos de cuidados baseados em evidências para melhor gerenciamento do cuidado.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar el costo directo de curativos para el tratamiento de lesiones por presión. MÉTODO Estudio observacional descriptivo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del noreste de Brasil, de noviembre a diciembre del año 2015. Se aplicó la Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing y formulario para la caracterización y evaluación de los costos. Los valores de la moneda brasileña (Reales- R$) se convirtieron al dólar estadounidense (US$) a razón de $0.26/R$. Se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados. RESULTADOS La muestra consistió en 15 pacientes con lesiones al menos en Etapa 2. Hubo una reducción significativa en el costo de los materiales de curación entre las evaluaciones inicial y final (p=0,002), con un promedio de US$11.9 (±7.4). Los tratamientos tópicos más comunes son los ácidos grasos esenciales y papaína. CONCLUSIÓN Se verificó una reducción de los costos proporcional a las etapas de las lesiones. Se hace hincapié en el papel de los enfermeros en el desarrollo de planes de cuidados basados en la evidencia, para una mejor gestión de la atención.

Anxiolytic-like effects of phytol: possible involvement of GABAergic transmission.

Phytol, a branched chain unsaturated alcohol, is particularly interesting because it is an isolated compound from essential oils of different medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic-like effects of phytol in animal models to clarify their possible action mechanism. After acute intraperitoneal treatment with phytol at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg behavioral models of open-field, elevated-plus-maze, rota-rod, light-dark, marble-burying and pentobarbital sleeping time tests were utilized. In open field test, phytol (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) [p<0.01] increased the number of crossings and rearings. However, the number of groomings [p<0.01] was reduced. Likewise, the number of entries and the time spent in light space were increased [p<0.01] while the number of marble-burying was decreased [p<0.001], in elevated-plus-maze, light-dark and marble-burying tests, respectively. In motor activity test, phytol (75 mg/kg) impaired the rota-rod performance of mice [p<0.01]. In pentobarbital sleeping time test, phytol 75 mg/kg decreased for latency of sleeping and phytol (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) increased the sleep time when compared to negative control [p<0.05]. All these effects were reversed by pre-treatment with flumazenil (2.5mg/kg, i.p.), similarly to those observed with diazepam (2mg/kg, i.p.; positive control) suggesting that the phytol presents mechanism of action by interaction with the GABAergic system. These findings suggest that acute administration of phytol exerts an anxiolytic-like effect on mice. Furthermore, suppose that phytol interacts with GABAA receptor, probably at the receptor subtypes that mediate benzodiazepines effects, to produce sedative and anxiolytic activities.

Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of Phytol In Vivo and In Vitro Models.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of phytol using chemical and thermal models of nociception in mice and to assess its antioxidant effects in vitro. Phytol was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to mice at doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, phytol significantly reduced the number of contortions compared to the control group (P < 0.001). In the formalin test, phytol reduced significantly the amount of time spent in paw licking in both phases (the neurogenic and inflammatory phases), this effect being more pronounced in the second phase (P < 0.001). Phytol also provoked a significant increase in latency in the hot plate test. These antinociceptive effects did not impaire the motor performance, as shown in the rotarod test. Phytol demonstrated a strong antioxidant effect in vitro in its capacity to remove hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide as well as to prevent the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Taken as a whole, these results show the pronounced antinociceptive effects of phytol in the nociception models used, both through its central and peripheral actions, but also its antioxidant properties demonstrated in the in vitro methods used.

Farnesol: antinociceptive effect and histopathological analysis of the striatum and hippocampus of mice.

Farnesol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have found that antioxidant compounds may exert a certain protective effect against neurotoxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of farnesol (FAR) and its neurotoxic effects on the brains of adult mice. In this study, two mouse models of analgesia were used to evaluate FAR at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, a significant decrease was found in the number of contortions in the FAR-treated mice at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. FAR was also found to inhibit the licking response in the injected paw at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (i.p.) in the first (0-5 min) and second phases (15-30 min) of the formalin test. To evaluate neurotoxic effects, Swiss mice were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group), 0.05 Tween 80 dissolved in 0.9% saline (i.p., vehicle group), and FAR 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, i.p. Following treatment, all groups were observed for 72 h. In the FAR 200-mg group, 16% of the animals suffered brain injury that affected 12% of the area of the hippocampus. No lesions were found in the hippocampal and striatal regions of the brain in any of the animals treated with the 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of FAR. In conclusion, FAR exerts an antinociceptive effect with no significant neurotoxicity in the brains of adult mice.

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda e das alterações histopatológicas em camundongos tratados com fitol / Assessment of acute toxicity and histopathological changes in mice treated with phytol

O fitol, (3,7,11,15-tetrametilhexadec-2-en-1-ol), é um diterpeno pertencente ao grupo dos álcoois acíclicos insaturados de cadeia longa e ramificada. É um componente da molécula da clorofila, presente em folhas verdes de várias plantas medicinais. Entretanto, pouco é descrito na literatura sobre os possíveis efeitos toxicológicos produzidos pelo fitol. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade aguda do fitol, após administração intraperitoneal para determinação da dose letal 50% (DL50) e os efeitos sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos no hipocampo e corpo estriado de camundongos adultos tratados com fitol nas doses de 25, 50 e 75 mg/kg. Os testes para determinação do grau de toxicidade aguda, bem como a investigação da DL50, revelou que o valor é aproximadamente 1153.39 mg/kg. Os camundongos tratados com as doses selecionadas do fitol a partir da DL50 apresentaram todos os parâmetros hematológicos dentro da faixa de referência, observando-se alterações nos valores dos linfócitos. Por sua vez, a maioria dos valores dos parâmetros bioquímicos diminuiu em todas as doses testadas (p<0,05). Em nosso estudo, apenas os animais tratados com fitol na dose de 75 mg/kg demonstraram uma discreta vacuolização no corpo estriado e um discreto comprometimento caracterizado por vacuolização no hipocampo em apenas um dos animais. Nossos resultados indicam que o tratamento com fitol não produz alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas cerebrais em camundongos. O estudo toxicológico pré-clínico com fitol demonstrou que o produto avaliado possui discreta toxicidade aguda por via intraperitoneal, sendo estes dados uma contribuição para pesquisas com compostos obtidos de plantas medicinais com potencial farmacológico. Porém, ressalta-se a necessidade de futuras pesquisas que possibilitem comparar os resultados em outras vias, bem como para realizar análises anatomopatológicas dos animais tratados com fitol, para assegurar o uso seguro deste diterpeno.

Phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol) is a diterpene belonging to the group of acyclic unsaturated long-chain branched alcohols. It is a component of the chlorophyll molecule, present in green leaves of various medicinal plants. However, there is little in the literature about the possible toxic effects produced by phytol. The aim of our study was to assess the acute toxicity of phytol after intraperitoneal (ip) administration, by determining its 50% lethal dose (LD50) and effects on biochemical parameters, hematology and the histopathology of the hippocampus and corpus striatum of adult mice treated with doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg phytol. The acute toxicity tests and investigation of the LD50 revealed its value to be approximately 1153.39 mg/kg. Mice treated with sublethal doses of phytol based on the LD50 showed all hematological parameters within their reference ranges, with small changes in the lymphocyte count. In turn, most of the biochemical parameters decreased at all doses tested (p<0.05). In our study, only those animals treated with phytol at a dose of 75 mg/kg showed slight vacuolation in the corpus striatum and a slight impairment characterized by vacuolation in the hippocampus in one animal. Our results indicate that treatment with phytol produces no hematological, biochemical or brain histopathological changes in the mice. The preclinical toxicological study with phytol showed that it has slight acute toxicity when injected ip. These data contribute to research on natural compounds obtained from medicinal plants with pharmacological potential. However, we emphasize the need for future research to enable results obtained by other routes to be compared, as well as to conduct pathological analysis in animals treated with phytol, to ensure the safe use of this diterpene.

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda e do efeito ansiolítico de um derivado sintético da carvona / Evaluation of acute toxicity and anxiolytic effect of a synthetic derivative of carvone

Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança da ciano-carvona por meio de estudos de toxicidade aguda e o seu potencial ansiolítico. Material e Métodos: Camundongos Swiss machos foram tratados com ciano-carvona (v.o) em doses crescentes de 25 a 2000 mg/kg e observados durante 14 dias em relação às alterações comportamentais e taxa de mortalidade. Posteriormente foram realizados exames hematológicos, bioquímicos e análise macroscópica dos principais órgãos. Além disso, outros grupos de animais foram tratados com as doses de 25, 50 e 75 mg/kg, para avaliação da atividade locomotora, do efeito ansiolítico e da coordenação motora. Resultados: No teste hipocrático, devido à ausência de mortalidade, a DL50 não foi determinada. Os sinais clínicos foram discretos, reversíveis e observados apenas nas maiores doses. Dessa forma, em relação às análises hematológicas e bioquímicas não foram verificadas alterações significativas. Nos estudos comportamentais verificou-se uma redução da atividade locomotora, um maior número de entradas nos braços abertos, bem como um maior tempo de permanência nos braços abertos, sugerindo um possível efeito ansiolítico. Em relação ao teste do rota rod não foi verificada alteração no tempo de permanência na barra giratória, bem como não foi detectado mudanças no número de quedas. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que a ciano-carvona não apresenta toxicidade aguda, sugerindo um efeito ansiolítico que precisa ser melhor investigado para a elucidação do seu mecanismo de ação.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of cyano-carvone by means of acute toxicity studies and to investigate its anxiolytic potential. Material and Methods: Swiss male mice were treated with cyano-carvone (v.o) in escalating doses from 25 to 2000 mg/kg and observed for 14 days as regards behavioral changes and mortality rate. After this time period, hematological, biochemical and morphological analyses of the main macroscopic organs were carried out. In addition, other groups of animals were treated with doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg in order to assess locomotor activity, anxiolytic effect and motor coordination. Results: In the Hippocratic test, the compound did not cause any deaths among the mice, thus the LD50 was not determined and clinical signs that emerged were discrete, reversible and observed only in higher doses. Accordingly, hematological and biochemical analyses did not show significant alterations. In the behavioral analysis, it was found a reduction of locomotor activity and a greater number of entries in open arms, as well as a longer time spent with open arms, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. In the Rota-rod test it was observed no change in the permanence time on the spinning rod, as well as no changes were detected for the number of falls. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that cyano-carvone has no acute toxicity, and suggests a possible anxiolytic effect that needs to be further investigated in order to elucidate its mechanism of action.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of a natural compound (+)-limonene epoxide and its anxiolytic-like action.

The aim of the study is to determine the acute toxicity and anxiolytic-like effects of a mixture of cis and trans of (+)-limonene epoxide in animal models of anxiety. After acute treatment with (+)-limonene epoxide at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg (i.p.) no mortality was noted during 14 days of observation. In general, behavior, food and water consumption showed no significant changes. In open field test, (+)-limonene epoxide at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, after intraperitoneal administration, significantly decreased the number of crossings, grooming and rearing (p<0.001). All these effects were reversed by the pre-treatment with flumazenil (25 mg/kg, i.p.), similar to those observed with diazepam used as a positive standard. In the elevated-plus-maze test, (+)-limonene epoxide increased the time of permanence and the number of entrances in the open arms. All these effects were reversed by flumazenil, an antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors. In addition, (+)-limonene epoxide (75 mg/kg) also produced a significant inhibition of the motor coordination (p<0.01), that was reversed by flumazenil. In conclusion, the present work evidenced sedative and anxiolytic-like effects of (+)-limonene epoxide, which might involve an action on benzodiazepine-type receptors. These results indicate that the properties of (+)-limonene epoxide should be more thoroughly examined in order to achieve newer tools for management and/or treatment of central nervous system diseases and anxiolytic-like effects. The LD50 obtained for the acute toxicity studies using intraperitoneal route of administration was 4.0 g/kg. These findings suggest that acute administration of the (+)-limonene epoxide exerts an anxiolytic-like effect on mice, and it could serve as a new approach for the treatment anxiety, since it practically does not produce toxic effects.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat hippocampus pretreated with garcinielliptone FC from Platonia insignis.

CONTEXT: Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae), commonly known as "bacuri," is a timber and fruit native species of the Brazilian Amazon. Some plants of the Clusiaceae family have their pharmacological properties associated with the presence of xanthone and polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols derivatives, which have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo potential of extracts, fractions, and garcinielliptone FC isolated from of Platonia insignis seeds as a natural antioxidant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats (250-280 g; 2 months old) were treated with Tween 80 0.05% dissolved in 0.9% saline (i.p, vehicle - control group), ethanol extract (EE), hexane extract (HE), dichloromethane fraction (DMF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and garcinielliptone FC (GFC) isolated from P. insignis at doses 2 mg/kg (i.p.). All groups were observed for 24 h after the treatment. The antioxidant enzymatic activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were measured using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS: There were no marked alterations in SOD and CAT activities in rat hippocampus after pretreatment with EE, HE, DMF, EAF, and GFC. However, the pretreatment with GFC induced a significantly increase of 13, 17, 19, and 13% in SOD activities when compared to EE, HE, DMF, or EAF groups, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that GFC isolated from P. insignis has a significant potential to be used as a natural antioxidant agent probably due to the modulation of enzymatic activity of hippocampal SOD.

Oxidative stress in rat striatum after pilocarpine-induced seizures is diminished by alpha-tocopherol.

Alpha-tocopherol has numerous nonenzymatic actions and is a powerful liposoluble antioxidant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of alpha-tocopherol in rats against oxidative stress caused by pilocarpine-induced seizures. Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 0.9% saline (control group), alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg, alpha-tocopherol group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, pilocarpine group), or the combination of alpha-tocopherol (200 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.; alpha-tocopherol plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments, all groups were observed for 24 h. The superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentrations were measured using spectrophotometrically methods. To clarify the mechanism of alpha-tocopherol on oxidative stress in pilocarpine model, Western blot analysis of Mn-SOD and catalase in rat striatum were performed. In the pilocarpine group, rats showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels. However, there were no alterations on Mn-SOD activity. On the other hand, the catalase activity augmented in pilocarpine group. In the alpha-tocopherol and pilocarpine co-administered rats, antioxidant treatment significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation level and nitrite content and increased the Mn-SOD and catalase activities in rat striatum after seizures. Pilocarpine, alpha-tocopherol plus pilocarpine and alpha-tocopherol groups did not affect of the Mn-SOD and catalase mRNA or protein levels. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that oxidative stress occurs in striatum during pilocarpine-induced seizures, indicating that brain damage induced by the oxidative process plays a crucial role in seizures pathogenic consequences, which implies that strong protective effect could be achieved using alpha-tocopherol.

Cobertura vacinal e fatores relacionados à vacinação dos adolescentes residentes na área norte de Teresina/PI / Vaccine coverage and factors related to the vaccination of adolescents living in the north area of Teresina/PI / La cobertura de vacunación y factores relacionados con la vacunación de los adolescentes que viven en la zona norte de Teresina/PI

Atualmente, os adolescentes fazem parte dos grupos prioritários ao Programa Nacional de Imunização em virtude da elevada susceptibilidade a algumas doenças evitáveis por imunizantes e especialmente pela sua baixa cobertura vacinal necessária ao controle das doenças imunopreveníveis. A presente pesquisa objetivou verificar a cobertura vacinal dos adolescentes residentes na área norte de Teresina. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar, com amostragem por conglomerado. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro a novembro de 2008, por meio de entrevistas, com 178 adolescentes residentes na área pesquisada. Os resultados foram processados com a utilização do software Epi-Info versão 6.04b. A análise foi feita por meio de estatísticas descritivas como freqüências absolutas e percentuais. Constatou-se que a maioria é do sexo feminino (63%) com 17 a 19 anos de idade (57,3%), 9 a 11 anos de estudo (62%) e renda familiar dois salários mínimos (61%). Aproximadamente 50% desconheciam o cartão e as vacinas destinadas ao adolescente. As coberturas vacinais apresentaram-se baixas, especialmente contra o tétano (2,5%). Conclui-se que a escola e os profissionais de saúde possuem papel preponderante na sensibilização dos adolescentes para o cuidado com a sua saúde.

Nowadays, young people are among of priority groups for the Immunization National Program because of high susceptibility to some preventable diseases by vaccines and especially for the low immunization coverage against vaccine-preventable diseases. This present survey attempts to ascertain the vaccination coverage of teenagers living in the north of Teresina. This is a cross-sectional study using household survey with cluster sampling. The informations were collected from September to November of 2008, through interviews with 178 teenagers living in the area surveyed. The results were processed using Epi-Info version 6.04b. The analysis was done using descriptive statistics as absolute frequencies and percentages. It was found that the majority are female (63%) with 17 to 19 years old (57.3%), 9 to 11 years of learning (62%) and the income family two minimum wages (61%). Approximately 50% were unaware of the card and vaccines for teenagers. The vaccination coverage was low, especially against tetanus (2.5%). It is concluded that the school and the health professionals have a main role in the awareness of teenagers to care for their health.

Actualmente los jóvenes se encuentran entre los grupos prioritarios para el Programa Nacional de Inmunización, debido a la alta susceptibilidad a algunas enfermedades prevenibles por vacunas y especialmente por la baja cobertura vacúnale contra las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación. Esta investigación trata de determinar la cobertura de vacunación de los adolescentes que viven en el norte de Teresina. Trata-se de un estudio transversal realizado mediante encuesta de hogares con muestreo por conglomerados. Los datos fueron recolectados entre septiembre y noviembre de 2008, a través de entrevistas con 178 adolescentes que viven en el área estudiada. Los resultados fueron procesados mediante Epi-Info versión 6.04b. El análisis se realizó utilizando la estadística descriptiva como frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Se encontró que la mayoría son mujeres (63%) con 17 a 19 años de edad (57,3%), 9 a 11 años de escolaridad (62%) y el ingreso familiar de dos salarios mínimos (61%). Aproximadamente 50% no eran conscientes de la tarjeta y vacunas para los adolescentes. Los niveles de vacunación fueron bajos, especialmente contra el tétano (2,5%). Se concluye que la escuela y los profesionales de la salud tienen un papel en la sensibilización de los adolescentes en cuidar de su salud.